Frida Kahlo and Tracey Emin: Psychoanalytic Approaches

Frida Kahlo and Tracey Emin: Psychoanalytic Approaches Case Study One: Frida Kahlo 2000 The intention of this dissertation is to define links between psychoanalytic theories and fine art. In this chapter the artists Frida Kahlo and Tracey Emin are discussed and compared to see how psychoanalytic approaches differ when employed with contemporary and traditional art. Frida Kahlos work is associated with Surrealism, an art movement first written about by Andre Breton; it was founded in 1924 developing from Dadaism and was inspired by the psychoanalytic works of Freud. In the surrealist manifesto Breton identifies the movement as a means by which the subconscious could be expressed, verbally, written or painted. The surrealists believed that our conscious mind interferes with the subconscious part, which is heavily based on Freuds theory of the ego and the id. The surrealists believed that this is why we have dreams; when we are asleep the reasoning mind cannot control the subconscious. Surrealism used a method called free association, originally Freuds theory, whereby Freuds patient would automatically say what they are thinking, in the case of an artist they would paint without thinking. Consequently, it seems surrealism is not necessarily a style but a method of painting. By looking at the both Kahlo and Emin, the two can be compared to distingu ish the ways in which psychoanalysis differs in the opposing styles of work, one of traditional movement and the other a contemporary style. Kahlos work deals with a diverse range of subjects, from her own identity and pain to politics, the Mexican artists work has been deliberated over by many critics and art historians as her oeuvre covers many aspects of art. It is hard to place as surrealist as it mixes a world fantasy with surrealism while also dealing with sexuality, race and gender. However, it is contended that Kahlos work does support psychoanalytical theories as there are many connections between her work and Freuds work which is a factor that the surrealist movement was heavily based upon. In contrast the work of Tracey Emin does not use symbols for her audience to guess at, instead her work has a very clear and concise in meaning, through her highly personal work she leaves her audience unquestioning with no ambiguity surrounding it. However, it would be interesting to look at the psychological effects that the production of this type of work may have on the artist and to investigate how the process creating art work of such personal nature has any psychological impact. This will enable understanding of the intentions behind such personal art work; she articulates details about herself that a majority of people would rather keep to themselves. In a similar way to Kahlo, both artists draw on their own experiences to produce art work. In Kahlos painting, Tree of Hope (see figure one), she presents the audience with a definite divide between night and day. This use of this strongly imply a state of dream, to explore R.D Laings theory of the unembodied self where the individual experiences him self as being more or less divorced form his body(Laing1965:69) this applied to Kahlos work suggests that the severe act of cutting the image into two halves defines the feeling of separation from her conscious body. The spectator is aware of the false self being portrayed within the image. According to Laing such separation denies the unembodied self of any actual interaction with everyday life. The theory suggests the unembodied self becomes a spectator of the life in which the actual body lives, so therefore does not connect with any experience the physical body encounters. This psychoanalytical process occurs due to stress within ones life that the ego cannot deal with, the disassociation is the ids way of protecting the e go. In Kahlos piece Tree of hope the painting is not clothed in the prosaic language usually employed by our thoughts represented symbolically by means of similes and metaphors (Freud, 1953:633) The image renders narrative, through the day harsh reality is awakened; Kahlo collides with a profusion of pain, while at night she is set free from her anguish by her dreams, the subconscious mind allows her to escape. The use of colours and choice of composition has allowed her to deliver her innermost anxieties and fears to the audience. These anxieties, according to Freud, are unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid, it can act as a signal to the ego that things are not going right, as humans we suffer from neurotic, reality and moral anxieties, in order to deal with these Freud states that we therefore go into defence mechanisms that protect the ego from conflicts caused by the id, the id being the unconscious part of your brain, the ego is the conscious rational mind. The stress caused by daily lives is relevant to Freudian theory of sublimation. In Freuds book The ego and the id (1923) he established the theory of sublimation through superior recognition and puts forward that the superego is an internal moral agency of the parents (Wright: 1995). He assumed that there are two separate sets of drives, both contained within the mind. The instincts consist of self-preservation, which is associated with the ego; the second is sexual instincts which are associated to the libido or id. These instincts direct all human conduct until he generated the existence of narcissism. These theories differ over the various writings due to the topic and their affiliation to each other. To further this, if Freuds theory about anxiety is applied to Tracey Emins work it can be suggested that she goes through the process of sublimation; her work is a healthy redirection of an emotion which is mainly found through art, it is the process of transforming the libido into a chievements that are accepted by society. Emins work is similar to Kahlos in the way that her own personal stories of her body reiterate stories in the media. Emin expresses graphic descriptions of her most intimate feelings as her work is based solely on her life experiences. For example, in Emins work The last thing I said to you was dont leave me here the audience is confronted with a photograph of a vulnerable girl, who is tucked in a corner of some small shack, suggesting she has been some sort of victim of abuse. Lacans theory of the gaze is a theory that can be tested on this photograph, as the set up of composition makes the audience feel as if they are standing behind this naked, vulnerable person, so the viewer is made to feel as if they are gazing upon her, the spectators take on the role of the voyeur. Emin poses the question, is she the object of desire? There is a certain amount of irony within the photograph as a majority of viewers are hardened to the image of naked women due to media; mediated imagery is usually of very confident, provocative women, this perplexing view unsteadies the viewer due to the uneasy ambience. This is because photography can in a literal sense turn the depicted person into an object, which will distance both the v iewer and the viewed. With her back to us she unaware of who is looking, which creates a sense of naivety within the work, so therefore the viewer becomes uncomfortable with the role of the voyeur. This work has subtle implications that are more suggestive compared to a majority of Emins work which has a great sense of immediacy and provocative substance; she makes strong statements that judge the gaze of society that is put upon women. In contrast Kahlos works show the audience how she gazes upon herself, in theory Kahlos paintings are able to talk to the viewer as they express something about the artists emotions which people can relate to on many levels, through their personal attributes. This supports Derridas theory of deconstruction, where by deconstruction of a body of text is not just one, it can have several different meanings, and this theory can be applied to artwork because artwork itself can have more then one interpretation. In the essay Derrida two paintings in paint: a note on art, discourse and the trace, Jeff Collins argues that Derrida indicates a certain failure of discourse in the face of artworks (Holdridge, 2006:213). Collins contends that Derridas theory suggests art is a confrontational method which challenges anything that refuses to accept or surpass it; the author denotes artwork that does not have a dialogue to deal with this theory. Kahlos work can be contradictory in meaning for each viewer; which can be associated with the notion of death of the author; according to Barthes, the viewers own beliefs can change the authors original intensions, the layering of meaning can only be derived from the viewers point of view, as they will see the work and interpret it according to their own context, beliefs experiences or personal attributes. The viewer needs to be able to set apart the artist from the work to release the interpretation from any prejudgment. Barthes believe that this is dependent on the spectators experience of Kahlos work, being a renowned artist many people will be familiar with her histories and will derive an interpretation from that in itself. However, many audiences are not familiar with the work will read it in an entirely different light. Kahlo also uses messages and paradoxes within her work. In The little wounded deer (see figure four) she portrays herself as this wounded animal, which has been shot at by numerous hunters. The arrows are metaphors for the pain she feels, in my opinion this could symbolize her injuries from her accident or it could represent suffering from numerous disappointments in her life. She appears calm, tranquil and relaxed while she is watched by, what we assume is a hunter and dripping with blood. Kahlo was Mexican and they believed that a newborn human has an animal counterpart and that persons fate was tied to that of the animal that represents the calendar sign of the day of their birth. So she could be suggesting that her animal counterpart is dying and therefore metaphorically she is going to be rid of the animal that matches her and through her rebirth she will gain a new one. This painting it therefore a representation of her thoughts, which is her subconscious, by using dream logic strategies of displacement and condensation, Kahlo sets out to create a fabled identity for herself; the self-portrait consequently becomes a format for a parody of her own individuality. In my opinion, surrealism and representing the mind is difficult because it is the unknown, questioning it and giving possible answers through painting. Through her art Kahlo is attaining control of herself, she portrays her emotions which attain psychological relief. Emin also has a need to attain control would, in Freudian terms this would be classified as a form of hysteria. Hysteria in current psychological terms is described as two categories, one being somatoform whereby mental problems such as stress can cause brain to feel physical pain. The second is dissociative which occurrs when a persons psyche cannot handle a particularly traumatic event. However, in Freudian terms this hysteria created by the subconsious part of the mind, which was protecting the ego from the id. This is also relevent when looking at Kahlos work, the subconsious creates this form of unreality which is evident in the paintings. The straight lines and defined edge to objects of natural enities creates an order, an element of control over something which is not controllable. This can be tested with Deleuzes theory of percept. According to Deleuze, art requires simple modulations whereby the artist is consciously thinking and making decisions about the evolution of the piece of artwork; percepts are a psychological imprint of something, for example, the way an individual artist sees one thing will be varied from another. Percepts represent more than decision, they symbolize how the artist is feeling about that piece of art at the moment in time, or the subject which it is based on. According to Deleuze the making of the decision is not as important as modulations, MÃ ¼nter has put boundaries around the manmade objects, the modulationsreveal the forces that populate the world, that affect us, that make us become' (Sutton, 2008:75) Kahlo keeps her images separate, in Tree of hope (see figure one) she has a definite divide between night and day, by doing this she accentuates definite boundaries that the colours alone would not achieve, this establishes a ha rsh boarded image with restrictions. It shows a definite division between the human and the natural, while addressing this we may also consider that the artist may feel the two cannot be combined. These percepts also occur in the works of Kahlo, What Water Gave Me (1938) is a painting of Kahlos that is particularly relevant to Derridas theory, other then her many self-portraits, within this painting, Kahlo has painted her legs from the baths viewpoint, her legs are partially obscured by the bath water, and her toes stick out at the end, the painting has an uncanny aspect to it, we have all see this viewpoint so there is a familiarity to the work. Kahlo is allowing her audience to see things from her perspective. Through the composition we are able to see her thoughts swimming about as she contemplates everything that has occurred in her life. The modulations in this piece are life and death, something that is uncontrollable yet is inevitable. Everything moves according to one law-li feAnguish and pain, pleasure and death are nothing but a process in order to exist. (Kahlo) Her written views are contrasting to that expressed in her paintings. This painting is affective because it invites the viewer into the work; in affect the spectator completes it. Through this image Kahlo displays herself bare for every one to see; which adds a certain irony to the painting, as it is almost a nude portrait. In addition, this painting fits the classification of Surrealism because she utilizes imagery, which combines dream imagery with reality. In this chapter, the discussion of Kahlos and Emins work have given insight into the way in which psychoanalytical theories can be used in conjunction with artworks. It defines how the use of these theories can induce more depth into a painting which may not have had much substance to begin with. This in itself comfirms Deleuzes theory of percept showing how the artists mind is both in the real wold in which the body exists and in the world of the self, this theory will be challenged further in correlation with Cindy Shermans work in the next chapter.

Autobiography of Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass's Autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, is situated in a context that was not open to, or fond of the straightforwardness of his writing style. His open identity in an anonymous world of anti-slavery literature thrust him into international fame. His writings are often compared with that of Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. Unlike Jefferson and Franklin, however, Douglass's Narrative was inspired by much more than a harsh, but removed king-figure. Instead, violence and the difficulty of obtaining a worthwhile education spawned Douglass's quest for freedom. After compelling and continual praise from Garrison and Wendell Phillips in the Preface to the Narrative, Douglass begins his story immediately addressing the ignorance expected from slaves. They were not allowed to know their ages, they were often taken from their mothers at a very early age. Even Douglass admits that upon his mother's death, it meant nothing more to him than the death of a stranger. From a very early age, Douglass felt the need to learn. He recognized that a major distinction between slaves and their white masters was education. He recalls his master saying that education could do him (Douglass) no good, but instead â€Å"a great deal of harm. It would make him discontented and unhappy† (1776). At that moment, Douglass realized what he had to do to escape the bonds of slavery to achieve freedom. â€Å"These words sank deep into my heart, stirred up sentiments within that lay slumbering, and called into existence an entirely new train of thought† (1776). Diligently, Douglass learned to read and became an eloquent speaker. Upon his escape to freedom, the opportunity to share his experiences with multitudes of others that were unaware of the abilities of a Negro to think deeply and speak powerfully opened up. He led a revolution of thought and made available to the public a new perspective on universal and all-inclusive humanity. In addition to education, violence also played an important role in Douglass's efforts to prove himself an equal. He offers disturbing accounts of starvation and depravation of the most essential things in life. Numerous descriptions of violent beatings that were indicative of any given day on a plantation drew sympathy from those who read the Narrative. Douglass's stories offer a view of the brutality of slavery that was rarely seen or heard in that time, especially from a black man. His descriptive and graphic words grabbed hold of the hearts of readers and listeners. Douglass used his personal experiences, as painful as they were, to inspire a revolutionary new idea: the idea that Negroes were as capable (if not more capable to be able to endure those methods of punishment) as the whites. To Douglass, education would bring him out of oppression, and the violence he witnessed and endured left him no choice but to escape from that oppression. In his Narrative, the visual imagery of emaciated slave girls fighting for offal thrown into the street and women being beaten until too exhausted to even stand provided a foundation for events as critical as the Emancipation Proclamation. He showed courage beyond that which was called for by standing, as a former slave, against those who would oppress a person because of the color of their skin. His narrative is powerful and moving and it a cornerstone of the civil rights we have today.

Discrimination towards the elderly community is constantly...

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The act of 1967 also specifically states that it unlawful to, â€Å"limit, segregate, or classify its membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employ ­ment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employ ­ment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual’s age† (U.S EqualEmployment Community Commision). Even though these laws have been put into action it has not stopped employers from discriminating against the older community. According to jobsearch.com It is found that workers over the age of 45 are more likely to be unemployed for a longer period of time than the younger population of workers. Many reports of discrimination of â€Å"older† workers were found to be related in the case that the companies want to downsize the workforce (Minichiello, Browne Kendig, 2000). 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Executive Summary PG - 3336 Words

Designed to Grow... Sustainably 2007 Global Sustainability Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CEO Statement October 2007 marks the 170th year PG has been in business. We’ve sustained our Company’s growth over such a long period of time by staying focused on PG’s Purpose: improving consumers’ lives in small but meaningful ways every day. Our commitment to Sustainable Development, which we deï ¬ ne as â€Å"ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come,† is an important part of how we fulï ¬ ll PG’s Purpose. We have a long heritage as a Sustainability leader, and we remain committed to improving consumers’ lives through PG brands and by contributing to the sustainability of our planet and the communities in†¦show more content†¦Our quest for mutual success ties us together. †¢ We encourage stock ownership and ownership behavior. 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A Proposal On A Modest Proposal - 1524 Words

A Modest Proposal A college degree is becoming increasingly more valuable with many decent jobs requiring some sort of higher education. As more students prepare to enter college, many are faced with the escalating prices of not only tuition, but also other things such as textbooks and the cost of living. This problem has been especially prominent in California, particularly within the last month, due to the UC regent’s new and controversial plans for an in-state tuition increase of five percent in five years. With the rising prices of tuition many students must turn to student loans. These loans often get them through the expensive costs of school, but after they graduate, they are left with a substantial amount of debt to pay off. I think we can all agree that something must be done in order to stop students from having to pay these ridiculous tuition prices while still being able to get a quality college education. 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Swift wants to make a political statement by using the â€Å"children† as satire to grasp the attention of the audience - the English people, the Irish politicians and the rich – and make them aware of the political, moral, and social problems. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift’s arguments are presentedRead MoreA Modest Proposal Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe shadows of the honest people in the world. Despite the suffering of others, power and personal gain is the ultimate goal of these corrupt human beings. Through the lens of new criticism, the two pieces of literature, Brave New World and â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† use literary devices such as imagery and diction in order to develop a theme which relates to this proposition that many human beings squander in the evils of the world because both stories deal with personal gain and power even if it callsRead MoreAnalysis of A Modest Proposal873 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, the writer of the satirical essay A Modest Proposal, grew up and lived in Ireland during times of famine and economic struggles (Conditions). Growing up with a single mother and no father, Swift knew what hard times and struggles were like (Jonathan Swift: Biography). His essay proposes an easy solution to the economic problems going on in Ireland for both the wealthy ruling classes and the poorer classes, although his intentions and the meaning behind his words are not what wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of A Modest Proposal939 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Dr. Jonathan Swift wrote A Modest Proposal in the 1700s, addressing the idea to feed the poor. In this he successfully mocks the heartless attitudes the Irish have toward the poor. During this time conditions have been worsening in Ireland. Dr. Swift uses understatements, irony, sarcasm, and paradox in his satire piece. Swift makes it clear that more often than not citizens were passive about the present problems. With that, he created A Modest Proposal in likes toRead MoreA Modest Proposal Response846 Words   |  4 PagesModest Proposal Response Emily Pendyk Parsons AP English 11 December 18, 2011 Dear Mr. Smarmy: I am writing in response to your request of the elimination of Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† from the classrooms, libraries, and the school system as a whole. Let me begin by telling you that I took what you said into deep consideration, but after discussing with the work with some of the English teachers at Martin’s Groves Junior High School and conducting research on my own time, it’s

Information Systems Management in Practice Free Essays

Information system is perceived as tools to automate business processes for better performance and productivity. It is viewed as a machine which takes input, possesses processing logic and gives a defined output which is further used to process jobs. It was strictly viewed as a catalyst in bulk processing of tasks and also those that are very difficult for human resources to take care. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems Management in Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Primarily the idea of information system was duly followed and businesses could use it often effectively for automating their business processes. Presently, the meaning of information system is quite different from traditional thinking. It is definitely used for automating tasks; however it is also used for mining of data for finding a new definition of information. The idea is to find the hidden meaning of information, intelligence in the information domain for an organization. The meaning of integration of various isolated business processes into a holistic integrated system is a new meaning of technology. The concept of information system is now exploited to bring out exceptional variants of fetching intelligence out of information and better and stronger connection of resources for better business advantage. The idea is to encourage better process development which would ensure right judgment of the business advantage. From the transition of simple systems to ERP and intelligent systems, information technology has taken a leap ahead in finding better solutions for business. The transition further would enhance better forms of use and seamlessly integrating with various latest handled devices for control and management of business processes. The combination of technology and communications would bind the technology closely with the needs of the organization and evolve to enable the organization for better prospects in future. The previous perceptions of information system have evolved with time and have become better to understand the organization and its needs. The information system perception from automated behavioral nature to intelligent devices has come a long way to decide the future rule of information systems over every part of human life and work. References McNurlin B. C. and Sprague R. H. (2009). Information Systems Management in Practice (8th Ed). Prentice Hall. How to cite Information Systems Management in Practice, Essays

George Orwell 1984 Essay Example For Students

George Orwell 1984 Essay 1984 -George OrwellSUNDAY, NOV 14, 1993Summary Chapter 1 and 2 We are introduced to Winston Smith the main character of the story. Works at Ministry of truth. Ministry of truth is one of four governmentbuildings in destroyed London, the main city of Airstrip One, a province ofOceania. Year is 1984 and three contries are at war, Oceania, Eurasia andEastasia. Oceania is run by the party whose leader is Big Brother. Winston is sick of his life in the ruined city and decides to keep a diary. This is against the law in Oceania. He felt his feelings begin to hateEmmanuel Goldstein, leader of the enemy party. He also spots OBrien, aparty leader whose eyes he sees a bit of political sympthy. Sees younggirl who he dislikes. He feels it is only a matter of time before histhough crimes are detected. A knock at the door he thinks is police. Mrs. Parsons, his neighbor is at the door and asked him to unclog a sink. Hedoes it but smells sweat all over the apartment. Mrs. Parsons is afollower of party doctrine and a fellow employee at the ministry. Thechildren are members of Spies, a youth that encourages spying and tellingon traitors, including parents. Winston is revolted. He returns home andwrites a couple more minutes before going back to work. He remenbers adream where OBrien tole him he would meet him in a place wher there is nodarkness. He washes his hands and hides the diaryReaction Major ideas, conflicts and themes are introduced. We are shown how theearth has changed, into 3 main contenients. we are also introduced to themain character and how he fits into the new world. Also we are shown howthe computer age has taken over peoples minds. The language is easy tounderstand, it has not really changed much over time. Seems like nothingleft after nuclear war, just ruins remaining. We are introduced to TomParsons which Winst on is contrasted with. The city is very drab. QuotesBig brother is watching you, the caption beneath it saidThoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever.1984 -George OrwellMONDAY, NOV 15, 1993Summary Chapter 3,4 and 5 Waking from dreams, he remembers his mother and sister, and can barelyremember their disappearence and feels responsible for there deaths. Hehas another dream where he is in the perfect countryside with the girl hehad noticed eariler. He dreamed she stripped for him. This time he iswoken up by the telescreen, telling him to do his exercises. He thinksabout how much power the Party has over all information. Begins work atthe ministry of truth. His job is to correct printed articles in line withthe Partys orders. The Ministry and records department jobs are torewrite history to make the party look good. They get a break because ofthe 2 minute hate. When he gets back he replaces a speech by Big Brotherwith invented history. Makes up story about a man named Ogilvy. Thearticle had become contrary to the present party policy. It is replaced asthough is never existed. Winston meets Syme, a philologist, for lunch. Syme explains parts about Newspeak. They are joined by Parsons. Winstonthinks of the fate that each co-worker will recieve. Syme will bevapourized because he is to smart, where Parsons is dull enough to escapevapourization. He is the only one who has not been taken over by thepropaganda that is always being brodcast. He notices the same girl fromthe other day starring at him and thinks it is the thought police. Reaction The Golden country that he dreams about is definatly a release or afreedom from the the drabness of London. Also from the party. We areintroduced to the fact that he has no mother or father or sisters orbrothers anymore because they were taken by the party. He is realizing thathe is rebelling against the party and he understands that he is at risk. Winston is in search of the truth and is concerned because of the partysability to change history. We find that he likes his work even though it isfor the party and against morals. He is introduced to the girl that willplay a big part in the book most likely. QuotesPeople in the Records Department did not talk readily about there jobs.Winstons greatest pleasure in life was his work1984 -George OrwellTUESDAY, NOV 16, 1993Summary Chapter 6,7 and 8 He records in his diary and encounter a couple of years ago with aprostiture mad up to look young, but was really and old woman. This menoryof the encounter causes him to think of the policy regarding sex andmarriage which the party has enforced. Thsi causes him to theink of hismiserable life with his wife Katherine, that he has not seen in elevenyears. Winston resents the intrusinon of the Party into the sex lives ofits members. Also realizes the discouragement of sexual enjoyment, thatmakes any love affair with a party member impossible. Writing down theincident does not help him. He makes another entry in his diary, this oneconcerning the proles. He feels they are the only group that mightoverthrough the party, but they are unaware of it. There is no way offinding the truth about the past but h e does think that present life isworse than the past. He remembers a photo that came into his possessiontrying to change the pastbut he destroyed it. He plans to stay free. Afterwork one evening, he wonders into the prole end of London, and ends up nearthe store where he bought the diary. Follows man into pub and plans to askhim about revolution but man is incoherent. He leaves the pub and wanders. He ends up outside the little antique shop and decides to buy a glasspaperweight. Mr. Charrington shows him a room upstairs and Winston dreamsof renting it. He notices a dark haired girl following himand he is sureit is the thought police and he will be arrested. Entittlements EssayWinston and Julia are violently seperated. Mr. Charrington enters the roomwithout his disquise, looking much younger. He is a menber of the thoughtpolice. Reaction Winston thinks of OBrein as a strong, unexcitable man. He is dedicatedand wholeheartyu to the brotherhood. Winston joins the brotherhood andtells about his dreams. We understand about hate week a little more. Winston reads the book that is given to him by OBrien. Winston and Juliaget arrested. They find out that OBrien was the enemy. There was a sortafeeling that OBrien was the bad guy, and they would get cought sonner orlater. QuotesHe was a bit earlyThe lane widened, and in a minute he came to the footpath she had told himof1984 -George OrwellSATURDAY, NOV 20, 1993Summary Part 3 Chapter 1 and 2 Winston is being held prisoner in a large, crowded cell at the Ministryof Love. Ampleforth and Parsons are both prisoners also. Parsons was turedin by his own daughter for thoughtcrime. He feels increased discomfort androom 101 is continually mentioned by several prisoners. OBrien enters thecell with a guard and Winston now realized he has been betrayed by him. OBrein is a member of the Inner Party. OBrien orders the guard to strikeWinston who feels a great deal of pain on his elbow. Winston is torturedboth physically and mentally for an unknown length of time. He keepsgetting interrogated with beations and questions until he confesses to manycrimes. OBrien reveals that he has been watching Winston for seven years. OBrein wants total rehab. from Winston. OBrien explains why the partycan never be defeated. He has been informed that Julia quite easilybetrayed him and has now been released totally rehabilitated. Winstonsquestions about room 101 is not answered. Reaction Finally he is caught by the thought police, which was inevidable sincethe beginning. He realizes that he has been betrayed by Julia and OBrien. But he says he would never betray her. All time is lost while he is injail. We is going to be rehabilitated and is taken to the dreded 101 formore mind games. Winston does not crack, except that OBrien gets him tobelieve is a little crasy. QuotesListen the more men you have had the more I love youWe can come here once again1984 -George OrwellSUNDAY, NOV 21, 1993Summary Chapter 3 and 4 OBrien tells Winston th esecond stage of his rehab. is about to begin-understanding the why in party. He also tells winston that he wrotesections of Goldstiens book. He says the Party rules for the sake ofpower, and power alone. The proles will never revolt. OBrein questionshim further and punishes him when he does not answer correctly. Winstonsays he is morally superior to the Party, but OBrien has a tape of theconversation about what Winston was willing to do to join the brotherhood. Winston thinks that the party will be defeated by a noble man, but OBrienshows Winston himself in the mirror. Winston weeps looking at his own agedand ghastly body. He conforts himself by thinking about how he neverbetrayed Julia. Winstons health is improving, and he is trying to acceptthe rightness of the party. He examines the past events and realilizes theparty was in control the whole time. He realizes also that he party canmake anything right if is wants to. He has to practice doublethinking. Hewakes up from a troubled sleep, calling Julias name. OBrien enters hisroom and Winston confesses that he still hates Big Brother. He is sent toroom 101. Reaction He had also looked to OBrien for sanity and stength and kindness butnow he sees what he really is a power-hungry guy who likes infliction ofpain. He finds out he has been watched for 7 years. After being broken orcracked he still has the fact that he has not turned against Julia. Theycompletely destroyed Winston and he has now entered the party. QuotesHave you heard the rumours of the existance of the brotherhood.The brotherhood cannot be wiped out because it is not an orgainizationin the ordinary senseHe was tired, but not sleepy any longer1984-George OrwellMONDAY, NOV 22, 1993Summary Chapter 5 and 6 The torture room is brightly lit, room 101. OBrien says that the roomcontains the worst thing in the world. It turns out to be rats in a cagewhich can be strapped over his face. Winston yells and screems and isovercome by the horror and the terror. He screams that this punnishmentshould be given to Julia and not him. OBrien spares his life. Winston isthen released. He is sitting under a tree at the Chestnut Tree Cafe. Hedrinks very heavily now. He remembers meeting Julia and how they talkedabout how they betrayed each other. The party would not allow them to seeeach other, but neither felt anything anymore. He remembers a game of hischildhood but then it is pushed out by the broadcast that comes on thetelescreen. Eurasia is onc e again the enemy. His heart fills with lovefor Big Brother. Reaction The party knows the worse nightmare of each person and is ble to usethat against them. It worked on Winston. Finnally he gives in and theparty has won. Quotes He did not attempt to kiss her, nor did they speekHe loved Big Brother